Among the warlords who carved up China during the fractious years of the Republic, Zhang Zongchang stood out for the particular brutality of his rule over Shandong, where his forces were known for widespread killing, looting, and the use of foreign mercenaries. His administration combined predatory taxation, summary executions, and a near-total disregard for civilian welfare, making him a byword for warlord excess even in an era defined by it.

The 2011 Norway attacks remain the deadliest act of domestic terrorism in Norway's postwar history, carried out in two coordinated strikes on a single day — a government quarter bombing followed by a methodical shooting at a youth political camp on Utøya that killed 69 people, most of them teenagers. What distinguishes Breivik's case beyond the death toll is the deliberateness of the planning: he spent years preparing, and left behind a lengthy manifesto framing the violence as a political act against perceived cultural change. His trial raised serious questions about the relationship between extreme ideology and criminal responsibility, ultimately concluding that ideology, not mental illness, was the operative force. The legal outcome — a sentence structured to extend indefinitely if he remains dangerous — reflects the challenge democratic systems face in responding to ideologically motivated mass violence without established precedent.